CDS 2010 English Question Paper -1

ORDERING OF SENTENCES

SYNONYMS

Directions (For the twenty items which follow):

Each of the following twenty items consists of a word in capital letters, followed by four words or groups of words. Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the word in capital letters.

INDICTMENT
- Arraignment
- Entrapment
- Indoctrination
- Inducement
ABSTEMIOUS
- Resistant
- Temperate
- Superstitions
- Careful
PROBITY
- Courtesy
- Promptness
- Efficiency
- Uprightness
DAINTY
- Carefree
- Feminine and happy
- Rich and famous
- Small and graceful
GARISH
- Beautifully decorated
- Boldly arranged
- Unpleasantly gaudy
- Carefully prepared
INNOCUOUS
- Abominable
- Harmless
- Harmful
- Useful
ABJURE
- Relinquish
- Recant
- Retract
- Renounce

EQUANIMITY
- Calm
- Indifference
- Silence
- Satisfaction
PONDEROUS
- Reasonable
- Thoughtful
- Persuasive
- Laboured
GNARLED
- Weak and bent
- Wrinkled and dark
- Rough and twisted
- Swollen and hard
INURED
- Being indifferent
- Exposed
- Being sensitive
- Accustomed
DISDAINFUL
- Discriminatory
- Discursive
- Dispassionate
- Dismissive

INNUENDOES
- Indications
- Inspiring quotes
- Witty remarks
- Insinuations
APPRAISAL
- Estimation
- Enlightenment
- Appropriation
- Application
INDOMITABLE
- Extraordinary
- Uncontrollable
- Dominating
- Unyielding
CONTRIVED
- Devised
- Defaced
- Defected
- Deferred
DEFT
- Dangerous and swift
- Defiant
- Skilful and quick
- Slow and steady
RIFE
- Restive
- Shake
- Troublesome
- Widespread
GHASTLY
- Painful
- Exciting
- Dreadful
- Unforgettable
BROACHED
- Admonished
- Advised
- Discussed
- Raised

ANTONYMS

Directions (For the 20 (twenty) items which follow) :

Each of the following items consists of a word in capital letters, followed by four words or groups of words. Select the word or group of words that is furthest in meaning to the word in capital letters.

DESPONDENT
- Pleased
- Satisfied
- Infuriated
- Elated
REPUDIATE
- Prefer
- Unite
- Explain
- Accept
OFFICIOUS
- Restrained
- Unofficial
- Indifferent
- Detached
DENIGRATE
- Belittle
- Believe
- Doubt
- Praise
CONVOLUTED
- Simple
- Complicated
- Difficult
- Majestic
DILIGENT
- Cautious
- Careless
- Dishonest
- Delightful
COMPLACENT

Agitated
Frightened
Degenerate
Dissatisfied

REITERATE
- Withdraw
- Rectify
- Affirm
- Acknowledge
SUPERCILIOUS
- Considerate
- Respectful
- Thoughtful
- Differential
BOISTEROUS
- Friendly
- Sincere
- Humble
- Restrained
LUCIDITY
- Confused
- Dull
- Simple
- Verbose
ONEROUS
- Egregious
- Effusive
- Easy
- Efficient
CATASTROPHE
- Beneficial
- Blessing
- Soothing
- Disastrous
GRATUITOUS
- Charitable
- Grand appearance
- Warranted
- Being grateful
VERACITY
- Purity
- Being just
- Falsity
- Immorality
GRIT
- Anxiety
- Cowardice
- Impatience
- Perseverance
SPORADIC
- Spreading easily
- Inciting
- Regular
- Uncommon
MALADROIT
- Authoritative
- Skilful
- Maladjusted
- Malevolent
ROTUND
- Feeble
- Healthy
- Slim
- Weak
PUNCTILIOUS
- Foolish
- Uncommunicative
- Careless
- Inexperienced

ORDERING OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE

Directions (For the 14 items which follow) :

In the following items, some parts of the sentence have been jumbled up. You are required to re-arrange these parts which are labelled P, Q, R and S to produce the correct sentence. Choose the proper sequence and mark in your Answer Sheet accordingly.

The teacher had to be specially careful because he enjoyed the confidence about how
P Q
he faced up to this problem of all the boys
R S

The correct sequence should be :

PRQS
QPSR
SPRQ
PSRQ

Movies made in all around the globe Hollywood in America by people are seen at the

P Q R S
same time

The correct sequence should be :

QSRP
QRPS
PSRQ
QPSR

The foundations of the prosperity of a state primary health and education but also
P Q
involves the creation of job opportunities does not merely rest on
R S

The correct sequence should be :

PSQR
PQRS
PRQS
PSRQ

I am sure and will be happy sooner or later a day will come when all will be equal

P Q R S

The correct sequence should be :

QPRS
QSRP
RQSP
RSQP

To do his/her work properly it should be the pride and honour without anybody
P Q
forcing him/her of every citizen in India

R S

The correct sequence should be :

QSRP
PRQS
QSPR
PQRS

The person who can state correct than the person who cannot is more likely to be

P Q

his antagonist’s Point of view to the satisfaction of the antagonist

R S

The correct sequence should be :

RSQP
RQPS
PQRS
SQRP

The time has come for future generations to come that the ideal of peace is a distant
P Q
ideal or one which can be postponed when man must no longer think

R S

The correct sequence should be :

PQRS
SQRP
QRSP
RSPQ

I had been staying with at his cottage among the Yorkshire fells a friend of mine

P Q

a delightfully lazy fellow some ten miles away from the railway station

R S

The correct sequence should be :

PQRS
QRPS
QRSP
RQPS

All the evil in this world is brought about by persons when they ought to be up but do
P Q
not know nor what they ought to be doing who are always up and doing

R S

The correct sequence should be :

PQSR
QPRS
SQPR
PQRS

If all the countries , of mankind, and agree to obey work together for the common
P Q
good with each other and there will be no more war the laws, then they will never
R S
fight

The correct sequence should be :

PQRS
QSPR
QPSR
RQPS

They knew him to leave work early that day when he permitted them to be a hard
P Q
taskmaster and were surprised

R S

The correct sequence should be :

PQSR
RSQP
PSQR
PQRS

He was known and therefore his arrest surprised everyone who knew him on charges
P Q
of corruption to be an honest and kind man

R S

The correct sequence should be :

SPRQ
RQPS
PQRS
QRPS

If suddenly you throw a brick at me and not a result of deliberate thought and my
P
hand goes up to protect myself instinctive action it is an automatic

Q R S

The correct sequence should be :

PQRS
RQSP
QSRP
SPQR

Or just one of you I will not have breathed in vain today if I have made all of you

P Q R

repent of this career and seek a decent work

The correct sequence should be :

QRSP
RPSQ
RSQP
QPRS

SPOTTING ERRORS

Directions (For the 19 items which follow) :

In this Section a number of sentences are given. The sentences are underlined in three separate parts and each one is labelled (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any underlined part. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of the underlined parts (a), (b) or (c), indicate your response on the separate Answer Sheet at the appropriate space. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence. In that case letter (d) will signify a ‘No error’ response.
You are to indicate only one response for each item in your Answer Sheet. (If you indicate more than one response, your answer will be considered wrong.) Errors may be in grammar, word usage or idioms. There may be a word missing or there may be a word which should be removed.

You are not required to correct the error. You are required only to indicate your response on the Answer Sheet.

There will be no more supplies unless all arrears of payment were cleared by next
(a) (b) (c)
Monday No error
(d)
After her latest experience of eve-teasing. she seems worried as to how she would
(a) (b)
reach her office everyday No error
(c) (d)
He is every bit as guilty as I No error
(a) (b) (c) (d)
A woman opened the door and standing at a distance she pushed the plate containing
(a) (b)
the food to him No error.
(c) (d)
We were greatly worried that the train might be late. But it arrived exactly in time.
(a) (b) (c)
No error.
(d)
He is one of those few post-colonial writer who believes that this talk about
(a) (b)
colonialism has gone too far and has turned in to a cliche. No error

Put you in my position and you would realise the problems faced in my profession
(a) (b) (c)

No error

(d)

Your Association is doing good work and we would like to help it in meaningful way,
(a) (b) (c)

No error
(d)

He asked me if I know where the principal lived. No error
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fish and chips is my favourite dish for lunch. No error
(a) (b) (c) (d)
One of the peculiarities which distinguishes the present age is the multiplication of
(a) (b) (c)
No error

(d)

If you had just hinted at your difficulty. I would most certainly help you. No error
(a) (b) (c) (d)
This T.V. serial is going on for 3 years No error
(a) (b) (c) (d)
It is my pleasure to congratulate you for your success in the Civil Services
(a) (b) (c)
No error
(d)
Despite of repeated warnings, He touched a live electric wire and was electrocuted.
(a) (b) (c)
No error
(d)
He says that he has renounced the world and that he has nothing that he can call as
(a) (b) (c)
his own. No error
(d)
Drydus’ prose, which is meant to be popular loses nothing of its value by being
(a) (b)
compared with his contemporaries. No error
(c) (d)
In the early years of the renaissance of Bharatanatyam. hereditary dancers have their
(a)
own set of accompanists who lived with the dancers and travelled with them from

(b)
place to place when they gave performances. No error
(c) (d)

At this turn of the conversation Vikram blurted out that he was not knowing me when
(a) (b)
I used to live in the same town as he. No error.

COMPREHENSION

Directions for the 27 (twenty seven) items which follow :

In this section you have eight short passages. After each passage, you will find several questions based on the passage. First, read a passage, and then answer the questions based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.

PASSAGE—I

The sky was already full of rusting wings. But when Jean stepped into the still lustreless water, he seemed to be swimming in an indeterminate darkness until he saw the streaks of red and gold over the horizon. Then he suddenly swam back to land and clambered up the winding path to his house. After a great deal of panting he reached a little gate, pushed it open and climbed a stairway. The house above the world had its huge bay-windows through which one could see the horizon from one edge to the other. Here, no one complained of exhaustion. Everyone had his joy to conquer, every day.

Which of the following is/are indicated by the description in the passage ?
Time before sunrise
Time after sunset
Clouds
Birds

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

2 and 3 only
2 only
2, 3 and 4 only
1 and 4 only

What do the words “great deal of panting” imply ?
Jean was too weak to walk
Jean’s house was on a hill
Jean was too tired to walk after swimming
Jean’s house was too far away from the shore

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?

1 and 2
2 only
2,3 and 4
1 and 4

PASSAGE—II

Punctually at midday he opened his bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a note book, and a bundle of Palmyra writing. His forehead was resplendent with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks : even a half-wit’s eyes would sparkle in such a setting. To crown the effect he wound a saffron-coloured turban around his head. This colour scheme never failed. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks.

From the description of this passage one can make out the person to be a :
- Snake Charmer
- Footpath vendor
- Astrologer
- Priest
The eyes of the person described sparkled because :
- He was sitting under midday sun
- He was always looking for possible clients
- His forehead was bright with ash and vermilion
- He was full of joy
The person opened his bag

to search for something he needed
to indicate the start of his work
to keep his professional equipment
to take out things for display

The tone of the description is

sad
neutral
ironic
sympathetic

PASSAGE—III

‘Punctuality’ said Louis XIV, ‘is the politeness of kings’. It is the mark of a gentleman, and ‘the necessity of men in business’. Washington once took his Secretary to task for being late. The Secretary laid the blame upon his watch. Washington retorted. “Then, sir, either you must get a new watch or I must get a new Secretary”. Much of our success in life depends upon our being punctual in our undertakings and appointments. Hence the necessity of steadily cultivating this virtue in our daily life.

Washington wanted

to get a new watch
to get a new secretary
his secretary to get a new watch
his secretary to be punctual

Punctuality is a virtue
- which is appreciated by kings
- which is difficult to cultivate
- which is necessary for success in life
- which can make daily life Pleasant

PASSAGE—IV

Fortunately it is as yet only through fantasy that we can see what the destruction of the scholarly and scientific disciplines would mean to mankind. From history we can learn what their existence has meant. The Sheer power of disciplined thought is revealed in practically all the great intellectual and technological advances which the human race has made. The ability of the man of disciplined mind to direct this power effectively upon problems for which he has not specifically trained is proved by examples without number. The real evidence for the value of liberal education lies in history and in the biographies of men who have met the valid criteria of greatness. These support overwhelmingly the claim of liberal education that it can equip a man with fundamental powers of decision and action, applicable not only to boy-girl relationship, to tinkering hobbies, or to choosing the family dentist, but to all the great and varied concerns of human life …….not least, those that are unforeseen.

Liberal education enables a person to
- read with more discernment than others
- apply general principles to resolve issues
- gain prestige
- develop a clearer understanding of history than others
In this passage, the author stresses the importance of

education for living
technological advances
increased interest in the study of history
satisfying the desire for security

In this passage, the expression ‘specifically trained’ refers to
- characteristically trained
- particularly trained
- peculiarly trained
- ostensibly trained
According to the author, ‘the great and varied concerns of human life’ are about
- fundamental rights
- challenges facing mankind
- tinkering hobbies
- liberal education

PASSAGE—V

Nowadays we are amused by professionals. Why listen to your friends singing when you can hear the great singers of the world on the gramophone or the radio ? Why read even a detective story if you can see one at the cinema, and why play football with players who are not very good when you can go, by train or car, to see some of the best players in your country playing an important match; or, if you have a television set, just sit comfortably at home and watch the same without the trouble of going outside ?

The primary criticism of the author about his contemporaries is that

they are unprofessional and unskilled
they want to enjoy all the good things of life
they waste all their time with amusements
they have a lazy and mechanical attitude towards amusements

The impression you get about the author at he is

a cynic
an old timer
a reformer
a social critic

PASSAGE—VI

A male jackdaw’s courtship behaviour is astonishingly human. All his movements are consciously strained and his proudly reared head and neck are permanently in a state of self-display. He provokes the other jackdaws continually if the female jackdaw is looking on and he purposefully becomes embroiled in conflicts with otherwise deeply respected superiors. Above all, he seeks to impress his loved one with the possession of a potential nesting site, from which he drives all other jackdaws, irrespective of their rank.

A ‘courtship behaviour’ may best be described as

the behaviour of a jackdaw who shows off his feathers
the behaviour of a male bird to attract a female bird
the behaviour by which a male bird displays its beauty to the female bird
the behaviour of any male to win a female of the same species

Which of the phrases best helps to bring out the precise meaning of consciously strained’ ?
- Proudly reared and exhibited
- Permanently in a state of display
- Purposefully put in a state of display
- Possession of nesting sight
The most important ‘trick’ of the jackdaw to win his female is
- displaying his head and neck
- to be like a human being
- to become embroiled with other Birds
- to possess a place for building a nest
The jackdaw fights with other jackdaws because
- he does not respect the senior birds
- he wants to fight with his rivals
- he does not like to be challenged
- he wants to show off
Which of the following statements best describes the central theme of the passage ?
- The courtship behaviour of birds
- The similarities between the courtship behaviour of birds and man
- The astonishing facts about the jackdaw’s love life
- The scientific study of the jackdaw’s Life

PASSAGE—VII

Young seekers after peace know that only equal trust shown to all the peoples of the earth and not just to a few of them, can lead to the healing of the wounds that tear them apart and so it is essential never to humiliate the members of a nation whose leaders have committed inhuman acts. Essential also is boundless concern for so many men and women who today, as exiles or immigrants, live on foreign soil. If every home was open to somebody of foreign origin, the racial problem would be partially solved.

For the reconciliation and unity it is essential

to have no discrimination in the trust shown to the peoples of the earth
to have young seekers after peace
to have confidence in at least a few of the peoples
to punish the leaders who committed inhuman sins

To make the members of a nation responsible for the inhuman acts of their leaders is
- unimportant
- understandable
- unjust
- undesirable
Boundless concern should be shown to
- one’s own countrymen alone
- the people belonging to our friendly nations only
- the foreigners who just visit our country
- all the exiles living away from their native lands
The theme of the passage is

Rigid nationalism alone can help peaceful co-existence
Trusting all the peoples of the earth may lead to serious problems –
Being cautious of others is a must to live in peace
Concern for everyone irrespective of the race or country

PASSAGE VIII

We shall go on to the end; we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and strength in the air, we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas would carry on the struggle, until the New World steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old.

On the basis of the passage which of the following statements may be said to be correct?

The speaker is encouraging his men for the conquest of France.
The speaker is aggressive and maniacal war-monger.
The speaker is not satisfied with the conquest of the island.
The speaker is a patriot urging the defence of his mother-land.

The speaker in the passage wants to go on fighting because
- he is a raving lunatic
- he is in a state of utter despair
- he expects help from other quarters
- he is the leader of a suicide squad
Which of the following pairs of the phrases helps best to bring out the intention of the speaker?

“go on to the end” ; “shall never surrender”.
“growing confidence” ; “subjugated and starving.”
“subjugated and starving” ; “fight on the landing ground”.
“fight in the streets” ; “subjugated and starving.”

The passage consists of repetitive patterns in syntax and vocabulary. The effect of this style is that it

reveals the speaker’s defects in giving a speech.
produces the impression of bad poetry.
coveys the speaker’s helpless situation.
reinforces the speaker’s basic intention.

ORDERING OF SENTENCES

Directions (For the 20 items which follow) :

In the following items, each passage consists of six sentences. The first sentence (S₁) and the final sentence (S₆) are given in the beginning. The middle four sentences in each have been removed and jumbled up. These are labelled P, Q, R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S₁ : Unity in diversity is a unique feature of India.

S₆ : Have you read this book ? If not, you should do so now.

P : They should, therefore, first try to know the mind and spirit of India the Indian-ethos, so to say.

Q : Nehru has referred to this unity very feelingly in ‘The Discovery of India’.

R : Those who do not see this underlying unity in apparent diversity fail to understand this country properly.

S : Then, they will discern strands of common heritage running all through the differences of language, dress, food, method of worship etc.

The proper sequence should be :

QRSP
P SRQ
SQPR
R PSQ

S₁ : There was a legend among our people that the island had once been covered with tall trees.

S₆ : Tumai angrily went down, down to another world; so people die today because he did.

P : This was a long time ago, at the beginning of the world when Tumai and Mukat ruled.

Q : Tumai wished people to die.

R : The two gods quarrelled about many things.

S : Mukat did not.

The proper sequence should be

PRQS
PSRQ
SPRQ
SQPR

S₁ : To a foreign learner, English pronunciation presents the greatest difficulty.

S₆ : But a knowledge of Phonetics will help a great deal in learning correct English pronunciation.

P : Words are spelt in one way and pronounced in another.

Q : For instance ‘u’ has different pronunciations in ‘but’, ‘put’, ‘build’ and ‘bury’.

R : The English language is notoriously un-phonetic.

S : The same letters give different sounds in different words.

The proper sequence should be :

P R S Q
Q S P R
S P Q R
R P S Q

S₁ : There was something about the smile of Mr. Acton, when he came over to Sharma’s table, which betokened disaster.

S₆ : Specially, since Mr. Acton was not known to smile too much, being a morose, old Sahib, hard-working and conscientious.

P : The fact that Mr. Acton should come over to his table at all, fawn upon him and say what he had said was, of course, most flattering.

Q : For, very rarely did the head of the firm condescend to move down the corridor, where the Indian staff of Henry King and Co., worked.

R : But that smile on Mr. Acton’s face !

S : But as the Sahib had only said, “Mr. Sharma, I have brought something for you specially from London, you must come into my office on Monday and take it…,”. Sharma could not surmise the real meaning of the General Manager’s remark.

The proper sequence should be :

S P Q R
P R Q S
S Q R P
Q R S P

S₁ : Arun suddenly found himself in the streets.

S₆ : When he applied for the refund of his security, there was hardly anyone at the other end to receive his application.

P : There was a little money in the bank and he had some stock on hand.

Q : The prices were going down, and he could hardly realize a few hundred rupees.

R : At first he could hardly understand the full significance of this collapse.

S : But the stock moved out slowly.

The proper sequence should be :

P E Q R
S Q R P
R P S Q
P Q S R

S₁ : Science has given us powers fit for the gods.

S₆ : And we should remember that they are very stern masters.

P : For example, we do not know how to manage our machines.

Q : Yet we use them like small children.

R : But in practice, they have become man’s masters.

S : Machines were made to be man’s servants.

The proper sequence should be :

R QPS
P QRS
QPSR
QPRS

S₁ : It follows that we should enable all individuals to live a full, free, rich life.

S₆ : This does not mean the regimentation of the individual.

P : We talk often of a socialistic pattern of society.

Q : We must help to bring up the buried treasure in each individual without breaking any of it.

R : That is why we have universal education as a target in our Constitution.

S : For this, certain minimum cultural and economic conditions must be provided.

The proper sequence should be :

Q S R P
P R S Q
R Q P S
S Q R P

S₁ : The advancement of science is not a secret or a mysterious process.

S₆ : What is he to think but to marvel at the skill of science, and to fear its power ?

P : No one tells the layman about the years of experiment and failure.

Q : If it sometimes seems so, that is just because the day-to-day work of science is so unspectacular.

R : How is he to know what has not been done, or to guess the labour of what has ?

S : You hear nothing from the research worker for years, and then, suddenly, there is the result in the headlines; penicillin or the jet engine or nuclear fusion.

The proper sequence should be :

QSPR
PQRS
QPSR
SQPR

S₁ : 1 am the manager of a travel agency in the city.

S₆ : I spend those twenty five minutes doing crosswords.

P : I usually catch the 8 O’clock train for my journey to the office.

Q : I live fifteen kilometres out of the city where I have a small room.

R : I go to work on the electric train every day.

S : The train takes about twenty five minutes to get to the city.

The proper sequence should be :

P RSQ
R QPS
QSPR
S PRQ

S₁ : Until the first atomic energy bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the atom and its behaviour had been remote from everyday affairs.

S₆ : So the idea grew up that the product of long years at atomic research had led only to a fresh weapon of destruction more powerful than any known before.

P : There was something queer and incomprehensible about them.

Q : And secondly, that something new and devastating had been added to the list of man’s victories over nature.

R : But it, in the first place, made us realize that the atom and its ways were no longer something apart from everyday life.

S : The atomic bombing of Japan did not resolve that incomprehensibility.

The proper sequence should be :

P SRQ
P QSR
R SQP
SQPR

S₁: Jagdish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November, 1853 at Parikhal, now in Bangladesh.

S6: He himself founded some technical and industrial schools.

P : But he also knew that without technical education India could not become a great nation.

Q : His father Babu Bhagwandas was a remarkable man.

R : He had a high regard for India’s ancient culture.

S : Though he was an important government official, yet he did not give up his independence of thought.

The proper sequence should be :

QPRS
R SQP
QSRP
R PSQ

S₁ : A gentleman trying to get a fly out of the milk or a piece of cork out of his glass of wine often imagines himself to be irritated.

S₆ : But I pointed out to him that this sense of wrong was really subjective and relative; it rested entirely upon the assumption that the drawer could, should, and would come out easily.

P : Again, I have known some people of very modem views driven by their distress to the use of theological terms to which they attached no doctrinal significance, merely because a drawer was jammed tight and they could not pull it out.

Q : Everyday his drawer was jammed, and every day in consequence it was something else that rhymes to it.

R : A friend of mine was particularly afflicted in this way.

S : Let him think for a moment of the patience of anglers sitting by dark pools, and let his soul be immediately irradiated with gratification and repose.

The proper sequence should be :

S PRQ
P SRQ
QPRS
SPQR

S₁ : Even in his earliest days, man had government.

S₆ : As the number of men multiplied, hunting bands grew larger, divided and formed independent groups.

P: When he grew old and dull, another leader took his place.

Q : As he stepped outside, he joined with other men to form a hunting tribe that learned to work together.

R ; Its simplest form was the family, where man had authority over his wife and children.

S : Probably the hunter with the right combination of strength and cleverness became the leader of the tribe.

The proper sequence should be :

QRPS
RQSP
SRPQ
RPQS

S₁ : The oil found in natural state is called crude oil.

S₆ : Last of all, the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.

P : It is used as a fuel in heaters and lamps.

Q : It is treated in refineries, the most common form of treatment is heating.

R : Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.

S : When crude oil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.

The proper sequence should be :

Q S P R
S P Q R
S Q R P
QSRP

S₁ : As a first step we have made the tribals celebrate the Itu Kula festival on the same day.

S₆ : Village-wise environmental status reports were prepared to help people in assessing the remaining natural resources such as drinking water, extent of grazing land, and number of fruit-bearing trees, bird, animals etc.

P : For the first time in the history of this region, during this festival, an Adivasa darbar was conducted.

Q : Tribes from Madhya Pradesh and Orissa were also invited to participate in this darbar.

R : We could achieve emotional integrity amongst tribals which resulted in this success.

S : For centuries they were celebrating it on different days and in different ways.

The proper sequence should be :

SRPQ
P RSQ
QSPR
R SQP

S₁ : Happiness, after all, is an inner state of mind.

S₆ : My point is that it is not wealth but coordination of one’s thought and action which removes inner conflicts.

P : Some of the most miserable persons I have come across in my life are rich.

Q: It is little dependent on outside environment.

R : Happiness has very little to do, for instance, with whether you are rich or not rich.

S : It is true that poverty makes one miserable in a very acute way.

The proper sequence should be :

SPQR
QPSR
R SPQ
QRSP

S₁ : It was in 264 B.C. that the great struggle between Rome and Carthage, the Punic Wars began.

S₆ : But the Romans, with extraordinary energy, set themselves to outbuild the Carthagians.

P : It gradually developed into a struggle for the possession of Sicily.

Q : The advantage of the sea was at first with the Carthagians.

R : The First Punic War began in that year about the pirates of Messina.

S : They had great fighting ships of what was hitherto an unheard-of size.

The proper sequence should be :

RQSP
RPQS
PRSQ
QSPR

S₁: Over-eating is one of the most wasteful practices among those who can afford it.

S₆ : The evening meal should be light and should be taken three or four hours before going to bed.

P : It is largely wasted.

Q : A heavy meal at night before retiring is the fashion with many.

R : While sleeping, this food is converted into excess fat and thus makes a person fat and ungainly.

S : Three to five hours are needed to digest the food.

The correct sequence should be :

P Q S R
Q P S R
Q S R P
S R Q P

S₁ : I passed all the other courses that 1 took at my university.

S₆ : This used to enrage my instructor.

P : I never once saw a cell through a microscope.

Q : This was because all botany students had to spend several hours a week looking through microscopes at plant cells.

R : But I could never pass botany.

S : I could never see through a microscope.

The correct sequence should be :

R QSP
QPSR
R SPQ
P QSR

S₁ : It is very warm and sticky today.

S₆ : A good rain would cool things off a little.

P : That is a good idea.

Q : I wonder what the weather is going to be like tomorrow.

R : Let’s listen to the weather report for tomorrow on the radio.

S : The paper here says its going to be fair and sunny.

The correct sequence should be :

Q S R P
R Q S P
Q R P S

R S P Q